The Decline of Culture in Novel Bahao: A Critical Study of Environmental Changes
ناول بہاؤ میں تمدن کا زوال: ماحولیاتی تغیرات کا تنقیدی جائزہ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66457/tashkeel.v4i1.60Keywords:
Ecocriticism, Environment, Bahao, Mustansar Hussain tarar, River, Nature, Civilization, Devastation, Saraswati, Barrenness, DeclineAbstract
This paper critically examines Mustansar Hussain Tarar’s novel Bahao through the lens of ecocriticism, focusing on the collapse of nature and the cultural devastation caused by environmental change. The drying of the River Saraswati symbolizes the disintegration of ecological balance, leading to the ruin of a once-thriving civilization. The novel explores themes such as barrenness of land, helplessness of humans and animals, and the decline of a harmonious way of life. This study highlights how environmental degradation, triggered by both natural shifts and human actions, results in not just ecological damage but a deep civilizational and existential crisis.
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Ibid., p. 14
Ibid., p. 240
Ibid., p. 157
Ibid., p. 16
Ibid., p. 9
Ibid., p. 66
Ibid., p. 117
Ibid., p. 9
Ibid., p. 19
Ibid., p. 231
Ibid., p. 230
Ibid., p. 27
Ibid., p. 187
Ibid., p. 10
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Ibid., p. 22
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